全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2987篇 |
免费 | 173篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2179篇 |
晶体学 | 8篇 |
力学 | 65篇 |
数学 | 435篇 |
物理学 | 473篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 23篇 |
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 25篇 |
2020年 | 39篇 |
2019年 | 40篇 |
2018年 | 64篇 |
2017年 | 45篇 |
2016年 | 116篇 |
2015年 | 108篇 |
2014年 | 101篇 |
2013年 | 207篇 |
2012年 | 233篇 |
2011年 | 248篇 |
2010年 | 143篇 |
2009年 | 125篇 |
2008年 | 192篇 |
2007年 | 194篇 |
2006年 | 142篇 |
2005年 | 154篇 |
2004年 | 146篇 |
2003年 | 104篇 |
2002年 | 92篇 |
2001年 | 81篇 |
2000年 | 86篇 |
1999年 | 63篇 |
1998年 | 39篇 |
1997年 | 11篇 |
1996年 | 35篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 28篇 |
1993年 | 24篇 |
1992年 | 25篇 |
1991年 | 30篇 |
1990年 | 21篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 13篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1914年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3160条查询结果,搜索用时 250 毫秒
61.
Hidalgo ME Bascuñan L Quilhot W Fernández E Rubio C 《Photochemistry and photobiology》2005,81(6):1447-1449
Lichens synthesize and accumulate photoprotective compounds against possible damage induced by UV radiation in the photobiont. A biological model has been recently formulated that allows the use of lichens to evaluate changes at different UV radiation levels. The thermodynamics, photophysical and photochemical properties of lobaric acid were studied in acetonitrile, ethanol and Brij 35(3%) micelles at different pH values. Also the sun protector factor (SPF) was determined by in vitro methods. Lobaric acid was extracted from Stereoculon alpinum Laur. and characterized by means of standard procedures. Solutions were irradiated in oxygen and under nitrogen conditions with a UV medium pressure lamp. Lobaric acid absorbs at 287, 303 nm, and no fluorescence emission was observed. The maximum value of the molar extinction coefficient (5479.6 M(-1) cm(-1)) was obtained in Brij 35 at pH 12. Solubility is pH dependant and is highest in Brij 35 at pH 12 (4.45 x 10(-4) M). Photoconsumption quantum yields ranged between 10(-4) and 10(-5) in aerobic and anaerobic experimental conditions. Lobaric acid SPF was very low (0.5) compared with homosalate (4.0), (reference solar filter). Two pKa values, 5.05 (carboxylic acid group deprotonation) and 9.75 (phenolic OH deprotonation), were determined. 相似文献
62.
Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics - Let $$\Gamma $$ denote a finite, simple and connected graph. Fix a vertex x of $$\Gamma $$ and let $$T=T(x)$$ denote the Terwilliger algebra of $$\Gamma $$ with... 相似文献
63.
A comparative electrochemical study of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), albumin and DNP-albumin has been carried out at a hanging mercury drop electrode, in order to use DNP as a universal label in immunoelectrical assays. Several electrochemical techniques have been used. Differential pulse voltammetry has proved to be the most suitable. Wide dynamic linear ranges (more than three orders of magnitude for DNP-albumin) and low detection limits have been achieved (5 x 10(-10)M, 2 x 10(-10)M, 3 x 10(-12)M for DNP, albumin and DNP-albumin, respectively). Good reproducibility has been obtained in all cases (R.S.D. < 2.2%). 相似文献
64.
I. Orúe P. Gorría F. Plazaola M. L. Fernández-Gubieda J. M. Barandiarán 《Hyperfine Interactions》1994,94(1):2199-2205
Mössbauer measurements have been performed on amorphous and nanocrystalline alloy ribbons of nominal composition Fe86Zr7Cu1B6. The nanocrystalline samples were obtained by annealing the as-quenched alloy at different temperatures in the range between 650 and 870 K. Mössbauer spectra of the as-quenched amorphous sample have been recorded at 77 K, room temperature and above the Curie temperature (330 K) at 360 K. We have also performed Mössbauer measurements at room temperature in the nanocrystalline alloys to characterize the phases that appear after the annealing and their relative concentration. The as-quenched sample spectra reveal the existence of two inequivalent sites for Fe. Such a feature is also observed in the remaining amorphous phase of the annealed samples. In the first steps of crystallization, -Fe precipitates and its concentration increases with the annealing temperature. The experimental results suggest that the composition of the whole amorphous phase does not suffer large changes during crystallization. 相似文献
65.
66.
67.
We simulate the classical diffusion of a particle of massM in an infinite one-dimensional system of hard point particles of massm in equilibrium. Each computer run corresponds to about 108 collisions of the diffusive particle. We find that (t) 1/t
fort large enough, and a crossover from an M m regime where=2 to=3 forM=m. The diffusion constant has a sharp maximum atM=m. We study moments x(t)2 and x(t)4, and examine the behavior ofq
2
(t)=x(t)4/3x(t)22. We find thatq(t)1 (consistent with a normal distribution) in theM limit (for all timest) and in the t limit for allM.
On sabbatical leave from IVIC-Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas. 相似文献
68.
Sánchez-Moreno MJ Gómez-Coca RB Fernández-Botello A Ochocki J Kotynski A Griesser R Sigel H 《Organic & biomolecular chemistry》2003,1(10):1819-1826
The synthesis of (1H-benzimidazol-2-yl-methyl)phosphonic acid, H2(Bimp)+/-, is described: 2-chloromethylbenzimidazole was reacted with ethylchloroformate to give 1-carboethoxy-2-chloromethylbenzimidazole which was treated with trimethyl phosphite and after hydrolysis with aqueous HBr H2(Bimp)+/- was obtained. In H2(Bimp)+/- one proton is at the N-3 site and the other at the phosphonate group; both acidity constants were determined in aqueous solution by potentiometric pH titrations (25 degrees C; I = 0.1 M, NaNO3) and this furnished the pKa values of 5.37 +/- 0.02 and 7.41 +/- 0.02, respectively. The acidity constant for the release of the primary proton from the P(O)(OH)2 group of H3(Bimp)+ was estimated: pKa = 1.5 +/- 0.2. Moreover, Bimp2- can be further deprotonated at its neutral (N-1/N-3)H site to give the benzimidazolate residue, but this reaction occurs only in strongly alkaline solution (KOH); application of the H_ scale developed by G. Yagil (J. Phys. Chem., 1967, 71, 1034) together with UV spectrophotometric measurements gave pKa = 14.65 +/- 0.12. Comparisons with acidity constants taken from the literature show that this latter pKa value is far too large and this allows the conclusion that an intramolecular hydrogen bond is formed between the (N-1/N-3)H site and the phosphonate group of Bimp2-; the formation degree of this hydrogen-bonded isomer is estimated to be 98 +/- 2%. The general relevance of this and the other results are shortly discussed and the species distribution for the Bimp system in dependence on pH is provided. 相似文献
69.
Fernández-G Juan M. Ruíz-Ramírez Oscar L. Toscano Rubén A. Macías-Ruvalcaba Norma Aguilar-Martínez Martha 《Transition Metal Chemistry》2000,25(5):511-517
Three Schiff base copper(II) complexes have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectra, i.r., electronic spectra, eff and X-ray crystal structures. Cyclic voltammetry studies on the complexes indicate a dependence of the cathodic potentials upon electronic effects, but independence on the solid state structure. 相似文献
70.
A computer program called SPECA and written in compiled BASIC (Microsoft QuickBasic Ver. 4.5) has been written for the calculation of thermodynamic constants in solution equilibria studies from spectrophotometric measurements. In order to calculate the thermodynamic constants it is necessary to introduce different theories to estimate the activity coefficients of the system involved under investigation. In this version of the program the equations proposed in the models of Debye-Hückel. Specific Interaction Theory (SIT) or the Modified's Bromley Theory can be chosen. To achieve its purpose, the program uses absorbance and activity or free concentration data of one of the components, normally H(+), and it is not limited with respect to the number of components that can be studied. Minimization of the error square sum in the absorbance, which can be absolute or relative, is carried out using the Levenberg-Marquardt-Nash algorithm at three different levels: equilibrium constants in the first level, molar absorptivities in the second and interaction coefficients in the third for those systems using the SIT or the Modified Bromley's Theories. 相似文献